I have done additional research to my auxiliary questions and on this page you will find information about two non-christian studies that explain what gives a human life worth, and what must be achieved for them reach "happiness".
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
A pyramid working up to self actualization.
Erikson's psychosocial theory
Basic Conflict
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
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Stage
Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Maturity (65 to death)
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Important Events
Social Relationships
Relationships
Work and Parenthood
Reflection on Life
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Outcome
Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
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